Labels: amphipoda, chordata, crustacean, sci-blogs, sunday spinelessness

Quite some transformation. Needless to say, amphipods are not prawns and the creature in the larger photograph is only distantly related to the mega-amphipod in the smaller one.

Am I being ridiculously pedantic to care about this error? Is my life really so easy that I have time to worry about taxonomic and nomenclatural details associated with reports in the Herald? In fact, there's more to this error than the name. The Herald's conflation of these two distantly related groups highlights the way we fail to comprehend the true diversity of life on earth. So here's my attemp to show what you miss when you call an amphipod a prawn.

The scale of biodiversity

Every cell in my body is the result of an unbroken-chain of cell division that stretches back 3.8 billion years. I find that an absolutely staggering fact, but I shouldn't feel too special. Really, I 'm just like every creature on earth - riding on the edge of one of the lineages that extends out from biology's big bang at the origin of life. Plenty of people have tried to illustrate the history of life, here's one more look, based on DNA sequences from living organisms:

Forget animals and plants as the "two kingdoms" of life. For most of the history of life every creature on earth was a single cell. Even today, most of the lineages that extend out from the biology's big bang are made entirely of singled-celled organisms. Because this tree is based on those species that scientists have sequenced the genomes of, it drastically over-represents animals, but even here all animals are represented by the little twig that descending from the black-labeled node.

Biodiversity is more or less fractal, if we zoom in on that node and look at the phylogeny of animals we get another tree with branches:

As I've said before, it's very difficult to resolve the relationships among the different lineages of animals. No matter how the branches relate to each other, it's clear there are a lot of different ways to be an animal, and that I'm never going to run out of subjects to write about for these Sunday posts. All the lions, tigers, bears, elephants, fish, fowl, lizards and frogs that make their way around the world with the aid of a backbone are part of the branch labeled Chordates above. The rest are invertebrates, and so fair game for me. But I'm meant to to be talking about amphipods, so let's skip a couple of steps and move into the arthropods (jointed-limbed creatures including insects) then down further into crustaceans and in particular the class Malacostraca - a group that includes crabs, lobsters, shrimps, wood lice and indeed amphipods and prawns:

Now we can start to how broad a brush you'd need to paint amphipods into the same group as prawns. In fact, the lineages that went on to give rise to modern amphipods, on the one hand, and prawns on the other parted ways about 130 million years ago. That's much more ancient than the divide between, say, mice and elephants. What's more, the amphipods are a much more diverse and interesting group than the prawns into which they were lumped. 

So what is an amphipod?

I'm willing to admit that "amphipod" is not a term with which many people are familiar, and that the Herald had to find some way of explaining what a normal amphipod might look like. The only amphipod that most people are likely to be familiar with is the "sand hopper". The little crustaceans that bounce away from beach-cast seaweeds when you pick them up are examples of typical amphipods. Most gardens in New Zealand will have species closely related to the sand hoppers living under logs (this one was actually living under a flower pot):

That's the basic amphipod body plan - a relatively soft exterior divided into 13 sections, two large antennae , two compound eyes and lots and lots of legs divided into different sets for different jobs. By and large amphipods are scavengers, eating decaying matter where ever they get their limbs om it. The land-dwelling amphipods are the only ones you are likely to have seen up close, but most species live in the sea.

Most marine amphipods look more or less like their land-lubber relatives. The super giants that showed up in the Kermadek Trench are presumably from the genus Alicella, which is related to, and more less a scaled-up version of, your typical scavenging amphipod. Other groups of amphipods have remained small, but radically reworked their ancestral body plan. The most striking example of such a reimagining are the elongated caprellids or "skeleton shrimp":

Caprella mutica. Photo is CC-BY-SA 3.0 from Hans Willewart

There is another radically different amphipod that I'm sure you've seen photos of, even though you don't know it. Here's a colony of them:

The bumps around the heads of right whales (called callosities) are part of the whale's body, but the white colouration results from the thousands of cyamid amphipods which live on these bumps. Unlike barnacles, which also attach themselves to whales, cyamids don't have a free-swimming larval stage, so they are only passed on from one whale to another through contact. Researchers have even used the genetic relationships between cyamids to learn about relationships among whale populations

Cyamids are commonly called "whale lice", and indeed their flattened bodies are similar to those of their distant insect cousins:

Photo CC 2.0 BY-NC from Flickr user J Whelcher

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By contrast with the diversity found within the amphipoda, prawns are pretty limited morphologically. I realise the Herald's headline synonymising the first into the second reflected a general lack of understanding about the sorts of creatures that fill our biosphere, rather than a particular oversight on their behalf. But when the true picture is so much more interesting than the lazy shorthand they used, I think it's worth pointing out the error.

Labels: amphipoda, crustacean, sci-blogs, sunday spinelessness, taxonomy

Spineless creatures have been all over the news this week. We've had strange beasts appearing on beaches, wondrous finds from the deeps and (apparently) a new front on the war on cancer.

Let's start here in New Zealand with a surprising find on a Wellington beach.

Photo from stuff article /Emma Best

That's a giant squid (Architeuthis sp.) and at 3m long it's a baby, full grown females can reach 13m. Giant squids are really deep sea predators, so beachings are relatively rare. This one appears to have been in a fight. We don't know too much about the food webs at the bottom of the ocean, sperm whales are the only creatures known to take on adult giant squids but sharks and other whales might very well attack sub adults like this one. As an aside, studying parasites might be the best way to work out who eats who in the deeps. When you dissect a shark or a whale its stomach contents give you a picture of what it's eaten recently, when you look at its parasites you can paint a picture of what it's eaten over its lifetime. However the squid got its injuries, they proved fatal. it washed up dead and was returned to the ocean with the next high tide.

Then there was the announcement of the results of the Census of Marine Life, an inventory of the species living in the earth's oceans. The news of that story was almost universally illustrated with pretty pictures of weird animals photographed from deep sea submersibles. Here's a particularly striking example of the genre, an amphipod with a house which showed up in the Guardian and National Geographic:

Photo from Texas A&M press

Obviously, that mean-looking shrimp-like amphipod is a spineles creature, but it might suprise you that its transluscent home is also an animal. In fact, it's one of your closest relatives in the biological world. It's a salp, a relative of the sea squirts, and it's a member of the chordata - the same phylum as the all the vertebrates. Matt Cobb has all the details in his guest post at why Evolution is True.

Finally, scientists published the first complete genome sequence from a sponge. As has become customary for genome studies, the press releases and the resulting new stories all suggest that these DNA sequences will help us fight cancer. Well, perhaps. Cancer is ultimately about uncontrolled cell proliferation and sponges are the simplest animals to have to find a way of marshalling thousands of cells into a single body. But is that really the only reason we should be exciting about a tool that helps us to understand the origins of multicellularity, or being able to see where the precursors of the development programs that pattern the bodies of more complex animals came from? I'd like to think the average reader is just an excited by a little scientific awe as they are by some ill defined and far off medical benefit. (Before I sound too grumpy I should say that the press release from UC Santa Barbara was really very good, it's just a shame some of those points didn't get picked up in the reporting.)

To those three stories you can add a call for insects to replace red meat, sub zero octopus venom and a BBC tour of invertebrate collections form the Gulf of Mexico. It really was quite the week for invertebrate news.

Labels: carnivorous sponge, crustacean, genomics, molluscs, porifera, salp, sci-blogs, squid, sunday spinelessness